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REVIEW ARTICLE
: Microbial Biofilms in Endodontic Infections: An Update Review
Zahed Mohammadi, Flavio Palazzi, Luciano Giardino, Sousan Shalavi
Biomedical Journal
, Year 2013, Volume 36, Issue 2 [p. 59-70]
DOI:
10.4103/2319-4170.110400
Biofilms and microbial aggregates are the common mechanisms for the survival of bacteria in nature. In other words, the ability to form biofilms has been regarded as a virulence factor. Microbial biofilms play an essential role in several infectious diseases such as pulp and periradicular pathosis. The aim of this article was to review the adaptation mechanisms of biofilms, their roles in pulpal and periapical pathosis, factors influencing biofilm formation, mechanisms of their antimicrobial resistance, models developed to create biofilms, observation techniques of endodontic biofilms, and the effects of root canal irrigants and medicaments as well as lasers on endodontic biofilms. The search was performed from 1982 to December 2010, and was limited to papers in English language. The keywords searched on Medline were "biofilms and endodontics," "biofilms and root canal irrigation," "biofilms and intra-canal medicament," and "biofilms and lasers." The reference section of each article was manually searched to find other suitable sources of information.
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REVIEW ARTICLE
: Photodynamic therapy: A new vista in management of periodontal diseases
Yogesh Doshi, Priya S Patil, Nishat Shah, Santosh Dixit, Mona Shah
Journal of the International Clinical Dental Research Organization
, Year 2010, Volume 2, Issue 2 [p. 57-63]
DOI:
10.4103/2231-0754.95253
Aim:
The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for periodontitis. This review also elucidates application of photodynamic therapy for noninvasive management of periodontitis without leading to bacterial resistance.
Background:
Periodontal diseases are one of the major causes of tooth loss in adults and are considered primarily an anaerobic bacterial infections caused by the so-called red complex species. Bacteria present in a biofilm community, enzymes, endotoxins, and other cytotoxic factors lead to tissue destruction and initiate chronic inflammation. Since many years pioneers have been working to provide logical and cost-effective therapy for management of periodontitis. Periodontal researchers have found that PDT is advantageous to suppress anaerobic bacteria.
Clinical Significance:
Applications of PDT in dentistry are growing rapidly. PDT application has an adjunctive benefit besides mechanical treatment at sites with difficult access. Necessity for flap surgery may be reduced, patient comfort may increase, and treatment time may decrease. The application of photosensitizing dyes and their excitation by visible light enables effective killing of periodonto-pathogens. The introduction of laser along with photosensitizers has brought a revolutionary change.
Conclusion:
The application of photodynamic therapy in management of periodontal diseases is very valuable. The therapy should be combined with nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Proper clinical application of photodynamic therapy can and will help patients who are systemically compromised and cannot undergo surgical therapy.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
: Evaluation of different sterilization and disinfection methods on commercially made preformed crowns
Y Yilmaz, C Guler
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
, Year 2008, Volume 26, Issue 4 [p. 162-167]
DOI:
10.4103/0970-4388.44032
PMID:
19008625
The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes caused by different sterilization or disinfection methods on the vestibular surface of four commercially made preformed crowns using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preformed crowns (NuSmile Primary Anterior Crown (NSC), Kinder Krowns (KK), Pedo Pearls (PP) and polycarbonate crowns (PC)) were sterilized and/or disinfected by one of the following techniques: no sterilization or disinfection (G1 control group); steam autoclaving at 134 °C (30 psi) for 4 min (G2); steam autoclaving at 134 °C (30 psi) for 12 min (G3); steam autoclaving at 121 °C (15 psi) for 30 min (G4); and ultrasonication in a bath containing 4% Lysetol® AF for 5 min at room temperature (chemical disinfection) (G5). Scanning electron micrographs of the crowns were taken before and after their sterilization or disinfection. The changes on the vestibular surface were then scored for the presence or absence of crazing, contour alteration, fracturing, and vestibular surface changes. The data were analyzed statistically using the chi-square test. No changes were observed before and after sterilization or disinfection in the stereomicroscopic evaluation of the vestibular surface of the crowns. However, all methods in which steam autoclaving was used to sterilize the crowns caused significant (
P
< 0.05) crazing and contour alterations of the vestibular surface of the crowns when they were examined by SEM. Chemical disinfection using an aldehyde-free disinfectant is the preferred method of disinfection for crowns that have been used previously in other dental patients.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
: Comparative study on the microbial adhesion to preveneered and stainless steel crowns
Waleed M Bin AlShaibah, Fatma A El-Shehaby, Norhan A El-Dokky, Ala'a R Reda
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
, Year 2012, Volume 30, Issue 3 [p. 206-211]
DOI:
10.4103/0970-4388.105012
PMID:
23263423
Context:
The extensive plaque formation on dental restorations may contribute to secondary caries or periodontal inflammation. Therefore, it is important to know how different types of dental restorations may prevent or promote the accumulation of microorganisms.
Aims:
The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the adhesion of
Streptococcus mutans
to preveneered and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) and to evaluate the effects of these restorations on the gingival health and oral hygiene.
Materials and Methods:
Twenty patients (age 3-5 years) were selected from the outpatient clinic of the pedodontics department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University. The selected patients had (dmf) index for primary dentition ≤4, including lower right and left first primary molars. Each tooth was pulpotomy-treated and restored with either type of crowns (split-mouth technique). Then, ten swabs from the buccal mucosa, preveneered crown, and SSC surfaces were taken from each patient. Also, the gingival index (GI) and oral hygiene index (OHI-S) were measured at different times during the study. Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar (MSBA) was used as a selective medium for
S. mutans
growth. MSBA plates were taken in candle jar and incubated aerobically in 37°C for 48 h. Finally, bacteria were counted and expressed in colony forming unit (CFU).
Results:
After 1, 2, and 4 weeks, mucosa and crown swabs of preveneered crown showed statistically significant higher mean CFU counts than SSC. Through the whole study period, the two restorations revealed a statistically significant decrease in mean CFU counts. Also, there was a statistically significant positive (direct) correlation between OHI-S, GI, and
S. mutans
counts on both restorations.
Conclusions:
The adhesion of
S. mutans
to preveneered crowns was higher than to SSC. Full mouth rehabilitation led to significant decrease in
S. mutans
count in the short term. An increase in
S. mutans
counts is associated with an increase in OHI-S and GI.
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RESEARCH PAPER
: Formulation and evaluation of ornidazole dental implants for periodontitis
VS Mastiholimath, PM Dandagi, AP Gadad, MB Patil, FV Manvi, VK Chandur
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
, Year 2006, Volume 68, Issue 1 [p. 68-71]
DOI:
10.4103/0250-474X.22967
Dental implant is a pharmaceutical device in the form of strip with very small loading and size of 0.25 sq cm. For site-specific one-time continuous delivery of ornidazole an antimicrobial compound with excellent activity against anaerobic micro-organism in the treatment of periodontal disease was prepared by solvent casting technique using ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K4M and Eudragit RL-100 with dibutylphthalate as plasticizer. The physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, content uniformity and release characteristics were evaluated The drug release was initially high on day one to achieve immediate therapeutic level of drug in pocket, followed by marked fall in release by day two, and progressive moderate release profile to maintain therapeutic level following anomalous transport mechanism. Formulation V6 released 97.07% of drug at the end of 120 h and was considered as best formulation.
In vitro
antibacterial activity was carried out on
Streptococcus mutans
.
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Folic acid and phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth--is there a preventive effect.
VN Prasad, HS Chawla, A Goyal, K Gauba, P Singhi
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
, Year 2004, Volume 22, Issue 2 [p. 82-91]
PMID:
15491092
The role of folic acid (5mg/day) in combination with oral hygiene measures (group II) vis-a-vis oral hygiene measures alone (group I) in prevention of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth was investigated in a one-year follow-up study on sixty, 8-13-year-old epileptic children receiving phenytoin. The allocation of the children to the two groups was done alternately. In these children, at baseline, plaque (Silness & Löe), gingivitis (Löe & Silness) and probing depths of gingival sulcus were recorded. These parameters were re-evaluated at 3-monthly intervals when gingival overgrowth was also recorded (Modified Harris & Ewalt Index). It was seen that, after a period of one year, gingival overgrowth occurred in 60 and 50 percent children of groups I & II respectively and its development, too, was delayed in group II. More cases (93 percent) in group II exhibited minimal overgrowth as against 78 percent in group I. The study concluded that systemic folic acid prescribed along with phenytoin delays the onset and reduces the incidence and severity of gingival overgrowth induced by phenytoin.
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REVIEW ARTICLE
: Application of ultrasound in periodontics: Part II
Vivek K Bains, Ranjana Mohan, Rhythm Bains
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
, Year 2008, Volume 12, Issue 3 [p. 55-61]
DOI:
10.4103/0972-124X.44096
PMID:
20142946
Ultrasound offers great potential in development of a noninvasive periodontal assessment tool that would offer great yield real time information, regarding clinical features such as pocket depth, attachment level, tissue thickness, histological change, calculus, bone morphology, as well as evaluation of tooth structure for fracture cracks. In therapeutics, ultrasonic instrumentation is proven effective and efficient in treating periodontal disease. When used properly, ultrasound-based instrument is kind to the soft tissues, require less healing time, and are less tiring for the operator. Microultrasonic instruments have been developed with the aim of improving root-surface debridement. The dye/paper method of mapping ultrasound fields demonstrated cavitational activity in an ultrasonic cleaning bath. Piezosurgery resulted in more favorable osseous repair and remodeling in comparison with carbide and diamond burs. The effect of ultrasound is not limited to fracture healing, but that bone healing after osteotomy or osteodistraction could be stimulated as well.
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E–CASE REPORT
: Allergic urticaria: A case report of rare skin allergy with a common mouthwash
Viresh Chopra, Harneet Chopra, Anamika Sharma
Indian Journal of Dermatology
, Year 2013, Volume 58, Issue 1 [p. 85]
DOI:
10.4103/0019-5154.105323
Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and non-medical environments. Compared to its ubiquitous use, allergic contact dermatitis from chlorhexidine has rarely been reported and so its sensitization rate seems to be low. Chlorhexidine has been used for more than 50 years but it was only in the last two decades, that reports of immediate- type reactions to chlorhexidine were seen. Reactions ranging from localized urticaria to anaphylactic shock and hypersensitivity reactions, including delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as contact dermatitis, fixed drug eruptions, and photosensitivity reactions, began to appear more frequently. However the prevalence of contact urticaria and anaphylaxis due to chlorhexidine remains to be unknown. In this case report we have reported a case of urticaria due to oral use of chlorhexidine. The adverse reaction was confirmed by a skin prick test.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
: Evaluation of the relative efficacy of copolymerized polylactic-polyglycolic acids alone and in c...
Vipin Chhabra, Amarjit Singh Gill, Poonam Sikri, Nandini Bhaskar
Indian Journal of Dental Research
, Year 2011, Volume 22, Issue 1 [p. 83-89]
DOI:
10.4103/0970-9290.80003
PMID:
21525683
Background:
Absorbable synthetic biopolymers have been used as bone filler in Periodontology, proving effective stimulants to bone regeneration.
Aim:
Copolymerized polylactic and polyglycolic acid is used as a bone filler and polyglactin 910 as a guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane to achieve regeneration in periodontal infrabony defects.
Materials and Methods:
Forty patients with two- or three-walled infrabony defects were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Group A included patients treated with polylactic-polyglycolic acids 50:50 (Fisiograft
®
,Ghimsa SPA,Via Fucini, Italy) alone and Group B included patients treated with polylactic-polyglycolic acids (PLA-PGA)50:50 in conjunction with polyglactin acid 910 (Vicryl Mesh
®
Johnson&Johnson , U.S.A ). Evaluation of clinical parameters probing depth and attachment level and radiographs was done preoperatively and 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively.
Results:
Both the groups showed statistically significant mean reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level and linear bone fill.
Conclusions:
Within the limit of this study, both the treatment modalities are beneficial for the treatment of infrabony defects.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
: Anti-microbial efficiency of silver diamine fluoride as an endodontic medicament - An
ex vivo<...
Vinod B Mathew, Koppolu Madhusudhana, Nuvulla Sivakumar, Thangala Venugopal, Redderu K Reddy
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
, Year 2012, Volume 3, Issue 3 [p. 262-264]
DOI:
10.4103/0976-237X.103615
Context:
Antisepsis achieved through appropriate use of irrigants is essential for endodontic success. Identification of newer anti-bacterial agents gives alternatives to clean the canal as eradication of the infection prior to obturation does affect prognosis.
Objective:
Comparison of the anti-bacterial action of 3.8% silver diamine fluoride and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate against Enterococcus faecalis in root canals.
Materials and
Methods:
Forty-four single-rooted teeth were decoronated, and the root section was enlarged with peeso-reamer (No: 3) to standardize length and diameter. The samples were then autoclaved and divided into two study groups and two control groups. Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was inoculated into all test samples for 72 hours. The samples were enlarged with peeso-reamer (No: 5) after placement of respective medicament for 24 hours. Shavings were collected and inoculated on Brain Heart Infusion agar for 24 hrs to measure the colony forming units.
Results:
Both 3.8% silver diamine fluoride and 2% chlorhexidine showed a superior capacity to sterilize the root canals than control groups.
Conclusion:
The use of silver diamine fluoride as an endodontic irrigant is feasible as it can effectively remove the microbes present in the canal and circumpulpal dentin.
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© International Journal of Ayurveda Research | Published by Medknow
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March, 2009